Konsep dan Implementasi Asas Erga Omnes pada Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi di Indonesia
Concept and Implementation of the Erga Omnes Principle in Constitutional Court Decisions in Indonesia
Keywords:
Erga Omnes, Kepastian Hukum, Mahkamah KonstitusiAbstract
This study aims to analyze the concept and implementation of the erga omnes principle in the decisions of the Constitutional Court of Indonesia. The erga omnes principle, originating from international law, signifies that a decision binds all parties, not only those involved in a legal dispute. This research seeks to examine three main questions: (1) the historical development of the erga omnes principle; (2) the adoption and application of this principle by the Indonesian Constitutional Court; and (3) the relationship between erga omnes and the final and binding nature of Constitutional Court decisions. This research uses a doctrinal or normative legal research method. Through statute, conceptual, and historical approaches, legal materials were collected from legislation, decisions of the Constitutional Court, books, and journals. The study found that the erga omnes principle was introduced in international law through the Barcelona Traction Case (1970), which established that certain obligations apply universally. The Constitutional Court of Indonesia explicitly adopts this principle in several decisions, including Decisions No. 65/PUU-XI/2013, 34/PUU-XI/2013, 3/PUU-XIII/2015, and 15/PUU-XV/2017. The results confirm that the erga omnes effect is inseparable from the “final and binding” character of Constitutional Court decisions. Once pronounced, the ruling becomes binding on all citizens, state institutions, and law enforcement bodies. Therefore, erga omnes reinforces legal certainty and ensures consistent enforcement of constitutional decisions.
Keywords: Erga Omnes; Erga Omnes; Legal Certainty; Constitutional Court.
Abstrak
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis konsep dan implementasi asas erga omnes dalam putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi (MK) di Indonesia. Asas erga omnes yang berasal dari hukum internasional berarti bahwa suatu putusan berlaku mengikat bagi semua pihak, tidak hanya bagi para pihak yang berperkara. Penelitian ini mengkaji tiga pokok permasalahan, pertama sejarah dan perkembangan asas erga omnes; kedua adopsi dan penerapannya dalam putusan MK dan ketiga keterkaitan antara asas erga omnes dengan sifat putusan MK yang final dan mengikat. Metode yang digunakan adalah penelitian hukum doktrinal atau normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan pendekatan konseptual dan pendekatan historis Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa asas erga omnes muncul dari praktik hukum internasional melalui Barcelona Traction Case (1970) yang menetapkan bahwa terdapat kewajiban hukum yang berlaku universal. MK mengadopsi asas ini secara eksplisit dalam beberapa putusannya, antara lain Putusan No. 65/PUU-XI/2013, 34/PUU-XI/2013; 3/PUU-XIII/2015; dan 15/PUU-XV/2017 yang menunjukkan bahwa asas erga omnes menjadi konsekuensi logis dari sifat final dan mengikat putusan MK. Dengan demikian, asas erga omnes memberikan kepastian hukum dan menjamin pelaksanaan putusan konstitusional secara konsisten. Namun demikian, implementasi putusan MK masih menghadapi tantangan serius, terutama karena tidak adanya mekanisme eksekutorial yang bersifat koersif, sehingga tingkat kepatuhan lembaga negara belum optimal.
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